Introduction to rock engineering including the engineering description of rocks, discontinuities and rock mass; the strength of rock substance, defects and rock mass; laboratory testing of rock, defect surveys, data presentation and hemispherical projections; in-situ stress and its measurement; stresses about underground openings; classification systems and introductory tunnel support requirements. Investigation, design and construction of tunnels and other underground structures, rock and rock mass strength and deformability; In-situ stresses; stresses about underground openings by elastic and numerical methods; classification systems for prediction of support requirements, including NATM; design of support elements including bolts, dowels, mesh and anchors. Measurement of in-situ stresses; instrumentation and monitoring; squeezing and swelling ground. Tunnel excavation methods and their applicability, including drill and blast, heading and bench, tunnel boring machine, road headers.