Analysis of geospatial problems including components of data acquisition and database development, spatial analysis and display, and customising and performing advanced analysis using macro languages and integrating with other software. Management and institutional issues including how the technology and data is used by various organisations and government departments, geo-spatial data issues for government and industry, standards, Metadata, legal issues associated with these systems, intellectual property, copyright, liability, project management and implementation of these systems. Database structures and database management. Data organization in raster data structures. Visualization of continuous surfaces. Methods for interpolation. Global prediction using classification models. Global interpolation using trend surfaces. Local deterministic methods for interpolation. Inverse distance interpolation. Digital Elevation Models. Ordinary Kriging. Basic Operations for spatial analysis with discretized continuous fields. Spatial analysis using square windows. Spatial approaches to error propagation in numerical modelling. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy objects.