Least squares principles and concepts. Reasons for applying least squares solutions to surveying observations. Determining input into, and analysing output from, typical least squares adjustment software. Modelling observations, observation equations, parametric method, condition and combined methods. Linearisation of equations. Derivation of least squares. Methods of forming normal equations. Worked examples in various areas of cadastral and engineering surveys. Calibration of EDM instruments. Variance-covariance matrices, error ellipses the application of statistics and error analysis in surveying. Computer programming for analysis and graphics related to least squares adjustment of survey networks. Introduction to advanced least squares.