Review of signal characteristics including bandwidth requirements of common data and message types in voice, picture and data transmission; discussion of transmission media and their signal handling capabilities, dispersion and attenuation characteristics, and the determination of signal bandwidth; understanding of open wire, coaxial cable and optical fibre channels; design considerations for microwave radio, satellite links, RF transmission, troposcatter and optical communications systems; review of mobile communication concepts; understanding of fading and channel characteristics; multiple access schemes, diversity techniques and wireless standards; cellular design fundamentals; and familiarisation with modulation techniques for mobile communications; importance and need for equalisers.