An introduction to programmer model of computer organisation, including assembly and machine language. Process of translation of computer programs including high level language to assembly, assembly to machine instructions, compilers, assemblers, linkers and loaders. Number representation including computer arithmetic, signed, unsigned and floating point arithmetic. Data types and data structures, including characters, integers, structures, arrays. Instruction set including instruction type and cycles, data processing, load/store and branch instructions, addressing modes. Functions, including functions calling conventions, instruction set support for functions, stack frames. I/O interfacing, I/O interrupts, and programming interrupts, instructions support for I/O and interrupts, and OS support for interrupt and I/O interfacing. Memory hierarchy; including cache, main memory, virtual memory and memory management unit. Bus system including memory bus, I/O device buses, and arbitration.