Operating principles and fabrication technologies of electronic and photonic devices. Devices covered include: pn diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, LEDs, solar cells, lasers and optical waveguides as used in communication systems and microwave devices. Ebers-Moll model of the BJT. BJTs & MOSFETs in analogue and integrated circuits, including TTL, ECL and CMOS. Principles and key technologies involved in microfabrication of integrated circuits. Non-idealities of devices resulting from realistic architectures and the effect of these non-idealities on the operation and design of circuits and systems.