Federal constitutional law, stressing the legislative and judicial powers of the Commonwealth and the judicial interpretation by the High Court of the extent of those powers, in particular: trade and commerce, external affairs, corporations, appropriation, grants and taxation powers, inconsistency of Commonwealth and State laws, freedom of interstate trade and commerce, excise and implied limitations on Commonwealth and State powers, including implied rights. Techniques and approaches adopted by the High Court in interpreting the Australian Constitution. Further study of constitutional law may be undertaken in LAWS2292 The High Court of Australia, LAWS 429 Comparative Constitutional Law and LAWS2156 Issues in Australian Constitutional Law.