Principles and applications of EDM: basic working principles; phase measurement techniques, coefficient of refraction, flight-time measurement in short range pulse distance meters, working principles of microwave distance meters; wave propagation in atmosphere, atmospheric transmittance and range equation; measurement of atmospheric parameters, velocity corrections; geometric reductions, reductions of distances to the spheroid, analysis of errors, corrections to EDM measurements; elctro-optical distance meters; calibration of electro-optical instruments; reflectors; field procedures. GPS surveying; the GPS signal and measurement characteristics; GPS instruments; GPS planning, field and office procedures; GPS observations and equations; baseline measurements; networks; presentation of GPS measurements, datums, coordinate systems and heights; data acquisition from maps and images.