Classification of membranes and membrane processes. Driving forces and mass transfer mechanisms. Characterisation for membranes. Control of concentration polarisation and fouling. Aspects of the design of membranes, membrane modules and membrane systems. Operating principles of major membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, pervaporation, gas permeation, liquid membranes. Selected applications and economic aspects of membrane technology in the fields of biotechnology, biosensors (including bioreactors), controlled release, chemical and food processing, water and waste treatment.