This course provides understanding of the issues of visual functioning which will also be related to clinical assessment issues. Topics covered include: processing of visual information in mammals, repair in the nervous system of vertebrates, objective assessment of visual pathway, review of brainstem and brainstem anatomy, review of amino acid chemistry related to brain neurochemistry, glutamate and neurotoxicity in glaucoma, visual attention and arousal systems, brainstem mechanisms in the control of eye movements, visually directed activities - reading, parietal factors in vision, frontal factors in vision, after effects and inter-ovular transfers.