Course topics deal with some basic recombinant DNA techniques, and then heterologous protein expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is discussed in greater detail. For prokaryotes, Escherichia coli is the model species chosen and for eukaryotes, the cell systems of yeast and mammalian cells are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the various expression cell systems are outlined. The vectors used for cloning of the protein genes are also described and illustrated. Cloning of genes into the vectors, production and subsequent characterisation of the recombinant protein are also described. These examples are actual biopharmaceutical products currently produced by the biotechnology industry and students are referred to published journal papers throughout the modules.