The course begins with an overview of modern astronomy looking at astronomical tools and techniques, star formation and stellar evolution, stellar energy sources and models, and galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The important physics concepts underpinning these topics are emphasised throughout. Building on this formation, the remainder of the course explores some selected topics in modern Astronomy & Astrophysics in more detail. These are (1) cosmology, (2) particle physics and nucleosynthesis, (3) dense states of cosmic matter, and (4) star and planet formation and the interstellar medium.