Interfacing with the analogue world; Digital-to-Analogue conversion; Analogue-to-Digital conversion. Synchronous system design; Practical timing constraints when implementing digital logic circuits, Signal conditioning, buffers/latches, buses, Operation of standard TTL, ECL and CMOS devices; Interfacing digital circuits from different logic families, Introduction to VHDL, C programming language for embedded processor development, Microprocessor solution for electronic control, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Interfacing of peripheral hardware in serial/parallel; memory and IO spaces of the processor, Interrupts, Serial communication via RS232, Examples of modern bus systems and signalling.